HIV Test

Published Jan. 21, 2024

By Hopkins Medtech

What is HIV?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells (T cells), which are crucial in helping the immune system fight off infections. If left untreated, HIV can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition where the immune system becomes severely compromised, making individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.

Transmission Routes of HIV

Sexual Contact: Through unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, or oral) with an infected person.

Blood Contact: Sharing contaminated needles or syringes, transfusion of infected blood (rare in regions with strict blood screening protocols).

Mother-to-Child Transmission: During pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

Stages of HIV Infection

HIV infection progresses through three main stages:

Acute HIV Infection: Occurs within weeks after exposure. Symptoms might resemble flu-like symptoms, including fever, sore throat, rash, fatigue, swollen glands, and muscle aches.

Chronic HIV Infection (Asymptomatic Stage): The virus continues to multiply but at a slower rate. Many people show no symptoms during this stage, which can last for years.

Mother-to-Child Transmission: Without treatment, HIV weakens the immune system, leading to severe symptoms, opportunistic infections, and certain cancers.

Types of HIV test

Antibody Tests: Detect antibodies produced by the immune system in response to HIV. Common tests include ELISA and rapid antibody tests.

Antigen/Antibody Tests: Detect both HIV antibodies and antigens produced by the virus, providing faster detection during the acute phase.

Nucleic Acid Tests (NAT): Detect HIV genetic material (RNA or DNA) directly, offering early detection during the acute phase.